實(shí)驗(yàn)原理 :

（1）公司產(chǎn)品僅用于科研特異性結(jié)合抗原：抗體本身不能直接溶解或殺傷帶有特異抗原的靶細(xì)胞，通常需要補(bǔ)體或吞噬細(xì)胞等共同發(fā)揮效應(yīng)以清除病原微生物或?qū)е虏±頁(yè)p傷。然而，抗體可通過與病毒或毒素的特異性結(jié)合，直接發(fā)揮中和病毒的作用。

（2）活補(bǔ)體：IgM、IgG1、IgG2和IgG3可通過經(jīng)典途徑激活補(bǔ)體，凝聚的IgA、IgG4和IgE可通過替代途徑激活補(bǔ)體。

（3）結(jié)合細(xì)胞：不同類別的免疫球蛋白，可結(jié)合不同種的細(xì)胞，參與免疫應(yīng)答。

（4）可通過胎盤及粘膜：免疫球蛋白G（IgG）能通過胎盤進(jìn)入胎兒血流中，使胎兒形成自然被動(dòng)免疫。免疫球蛋白A（IgA）可通過消化道及呼吸道粘膜，是粘膜局部抗感染免疫的主要因素。

（5）具有抗原性：抗體分子是一種蛋白質(zhì)，也具有刺機(jī)體產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答的性能。不同的免疫球蛋白分子，各具有不同的抗原性。

（6）抗體對(duì)理化因子的抵抗力與一般球蛋白相同：不耐熱，60～70℃即被破壞。各種酶及能使蛋白質(zhì)凝固變性的物質(zhì)，均能破壞抗體的作用。抗體可被中性鹽類沉淀。在生產(chǎn)上常可用硫酸銨或硫酸鈉從免疫血清中沉淀出含有抗體的球蛋白，再經(jīng)透析法將其純化。
商品詳情：
英文名稱：phospho-PAK2 (Ser141)

別    名:PAK2 (phospho S20); PAK2 (phospho Ser20); p-PAK2 (S20); p-PAK2 (Ser20); CB422; EC 2.7.11.1; Gamma PAK; hPAK65; Kinase; p21 (CDKN1A)-activated kinase 2a; p21 activated kinase 2; p21 protein (Cdc42/Rac)-activated kinase 2; p21 protein Cdc42 Rac activated kinase 2; p21-activated kinase, 65-KD antibody p21-activated protein kinase I; p21CDKN1A activated kinase 2; p58; p65PAK; PAK 2; PAK65; PAKgamma; S6 H4 kinase; Serine threonine protein kinase PAK 2.

產(chǎn)品類型磷酸化抗體

研究領(lǐng)域:腫瘤  免疫學(xué)  信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)  細(xì)胞凋亡  轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)節(jié)因子  激酶和磷酸酶

抗體來(lái)源:Rabbit

克隆類型:Polyclonal

交叉反應(yīng):Mouse,  (predicted: Human, Rat, Dog, Cow, Horse, Rabbit, Sheep, )

產(chǎn)品應(yīng)用:ELISA=1:5000-10000 IHC-P=1:100-500 IHC-F=1:100-500 IF=1:100-500 （石蠟切片需做抗原修復(fù)）

not yet tested in other applications.

optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.

理論分子量:58kDa

細(xì)胞定位:細(xì)胞核 細(xì)胞漿 細(xì)胞膜

性    狀:Liquid

濃    度:1mg/ml

免 疫 原:KLH conjugated Synthesised phosphopeptide derived from human PAK2 around the phosphorylation site of Ser20: MS(p-S)TI

亞    型:IgG

純化方法:affinity purified by Protein A

保存條件:Shipped at 4℃. Store at -20 °C for one year. Avoid repeated freeze/thaw cycles.

注意事項(xiàng):This product as supplied is intended for research use only, not for use in human, therapeutic or diagnostic applications.

P21-activated kinase (PAK) is actually a family of serine/threonine protein kinases, members of which are activated by small molecular weight GTPases. The three most common isoforms are PAK 1, PAK 2, and PAK 3 (also known as alpha PAK, gamma PAK, and beta PAK, respectively). These kinases contain numerous regulatory elements that trigger diverse signaling processes such as those initiated by activated GTPases, interaction with Src homology 3 (SH3) domains, and caspase mediated proteolytic cleavage. Autophosphorylation of serine 141 (serine 144 for PAK 1 and serine 139 PAK 3), catalyzed by Cdc42, is required for activation of PAK.

Function:

Serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a role in a variety of different signaling pathways including cytoskeleton regulation, cell motility, cell cycle progression, apoptosis or proliferation. Acts as downstream effector of the small GTPases CDC42 and RAC1. Activation by the binding of active CDC42 and RAC1 results in a conformational change and a subsequent autophosphorylation on several serine and/or threonine residues. Full-length PAK2 stimulates cell survival and cell growth. Phosphorylates MAPK4 and MAPK6 and activates the downstream target MAPKAPK5, a regulator of F-actin polymerization and cell migration. Phosphorylates JUN and plays an important role in EGF-induced cell proliferation. Phosphorylates many other substrates including histone H4 to promote assembly of H3.3 and H4 into nucleosomes, BAD, ribosomal protein S6, or MBP. Additionally, associates with ARHGEF7 and GIT1 to perform kinase-independent functions such as spindle orientation control during mitosis. On the other hand, apoptotic stimuli such as DNA damage lead to caspase-mediated cleavage of PAK2, generating PAK-2p34, an active p34 fragment that translocates to the nucleus and promotes cellular apoptosis involving the JNK signaling pathway. Caspase-activated PAK2 phosphorylates MKNK1 and reduces cellular translation.

商品屬性：

抗體的標(biāo)記實(shí)驗(yàn)要點(diǎn)：

1.如在反應(yīng)混合液中有疊氮鈉或游離氨基存在,會(huì)抑制標(biāo)記反應(yīng)。因此,蛋白質(zhì)在反應(yīng)前要對(duì) 0.1mol/L緩沖液或0.5mol/L硼酸緩沖液充分透析；

2.所用的NHSB及待化蛋白質(zhì)之間的分子比按蛋白質(zhì)表面的ε-氨基的密度會(huì)有所不同,選擇不當(dāng)則影響標(biāo)記的效率,應(yīng)先用幾個(gè)不同的分子比來(lái)篩選最適條件；

3.用NHSB量過量也是不利的,抗原的結(jié)合位點(diǎn)可能因此被封閉,導(dǎo)致抗體失活；

4.由于抗體的氨基不易接近可能造成化不足,此時(shí)可加入去污劑如 Triton x-100, Tween20等；

5.當(dāng)游離ε-氨基(賴氨酸殘基的氨基)存在于抗體的抗原結(jié)合位點(diǎn)時(shí),或位于酶的催化位點(diǎn)時(shí),化會(huì)降低或損傷抗體蛋白的結(jié)合力或活性；

6.還可能與不同的功能基團(tuán),如羰基、氨基、巰基、異咪唑基及基,也可與糖基共價(jià)結(jié)合；

7.交聯(lián)反應(yīng)后,應(yīng)充分透析,否則,殘余的會(huì)對(duì)化抗體與親和素的結(jié)合產(chǎn)生競(jìng)爭(zhēng)作用；

8.在細(xì)胞的熒光標(biāo)記實(shí)驗(yàn)中,中和親和素的本底低,但由于鏈霉親和素含有少量正電荷,故對(duì)某些細(xì)胞可導(dǎo)致高本底。
一抗和二抗的區(qū)別：

第一抗體就是平常所說的抗體，即能和抗原特異性結(jié)合。

第二抗體是能和抗體結(jié)合的，即抗體的抗體。主要用于檢測(cè)抗體的存在。

一抗是針對(duì)抗原的抗體，二抗是針對(duì)一抗的抗體。即抗體也可以充當(dāng)抗原刺激機(jī)體產(chǎn)生抗體。也就是說，抗原進(jìn)入機(jī)體刺激機(jī)體免疫系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生免疫應(yīng)答，由B細(xì)胞可以產(chǎn)生與相應(yīng)抗原發(fā)生特異性結(jié)合的特殊蛋白質(zhì)。

一抗二抗都是一種可以特異結(jié)合別的物質(zhì)的基團(tuán)，而且一抗可以至少結(jié)合兩種其他基團(tuán)（底物和二抗）。

一抗：可以特異結(jié)合底物，就是識(shí)別出我們想要檢測(cè)的東西。一抗和底物結(jié)合與否用肉眼是看不出來(lái)的。

二抗：可以和一抗結(jié)合，并帶有可以被檢測(cè)出的標(biāo)記(如帶熒光、放射性、化學(xué)發(fā)光或顯色基團(tuán)），作用是檢測(cè)一抗。 如果一抗自己帶有可以被檢測(cè)出的標(biāo)記(如帶熒光、放射性、化學(xué)發(fā)光或顯色基團(tuán)），則不需要二抗。但這樣成本很高，因?yàn)橐环N一抗只識(shí)別一種底物。所以如今的設(shè)計(jì)一般是二抗帶上可檢測(cè)標(biāo)記，再來(lái)檢測(cè)一抗。而一抗識(shí)別底物。這樣，當(dāng)一抗結(jié)合到底物上，就可以通過二抗檢測(cè)出來(lái)。

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