實驗原理 :

（1）公司產品僅用于科研特異性結合抗原：抗體本身不能直接溶解或殺傷帶有特異抗原的靶細胞，通常需要補體或吞噬細胞等共同發揮效應以清除病原微生物或導致病理損傷。然而，抗體可通過與病毒或毒素的特異性結合，直接發揮中和病毒的作用。

（2）活補體：IgM、IgG1、IgG2和IgG3可通過經典途徑激活補體，凝聚的IgA、IgG4和IgE可通過替代途徑激活補體。

（3）結合細胞：不同類別的免疫球蛋白，可結合不同種的細胞，參與免疫應答。

（4）可通過胎盤及粘膜：免疫球蛋白G（IgG）能通過胎盤進入胎兒血流中，使胎兒形成自然被動免疫。免疫球蛋白A（IgA）可通過消化道及呼吸道粘膜，是粘膜局部抗感染免疫的主要因素。

（5）具有抗原性：抗體分子是一種蛋白質，也具有刺機體產生免疫應答的性能。不同的免疫球蛋白分子，各具有不同的抗原性。

（6）抗體對理化因子的抵抗力與一般球蛋白相同：不耐熱，60～70℃即被破壞。各種酶及能使蛋白質凝固變性的物質，均能破壞抗體的作用。抗體可被中性鹽類沉淀。在生產上常可用硫酸銨或硫酸鈉從免疫血清中沉淀出含有抗體的球蛋白，再經透析法將其純化。
商品詳情：
英文名稱：S100-A9

別    名:MRP14; CFAG; Leukocyte L1 complex heavy chain; 60B8AG; CAGB; Calgranulin B; Calgranulin-B; CalgranulinB; CGLB; L1AG; Leukocyte L1 complex heavy chain; LIAG; MIF; Migration inhibitory factor related protein 14; NIF; P14; S10A9_HUMAN; Calprotectin L1H subunit; CGLB; Cystic fibrosis antigen; MAC 387; MAC387; Migration inhibitory factor-related protein 14; MRP 14; MRP-14; MRP14; OTTHUMP00000015331; Protein S100-A9; S100 A9; S100 calcium binding protein A9; S100 calcium binding protein A9 calgranulin B; S100 calcium-binding protein A9; S100A9.

研究領域:腫瘤

抗體來源:Rabbit

克隆類型:Polyclonal

交叉反應:Human,  (predicted: Mouse, Rat, )

產品應用:ELISA=1:5000-10000 IHC-P=1:100-500 IHC-F=1:100-500 IF=1:100-500 （石蠟切片需做抗原修復）

not yet tested in other applications.

optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.

理論分子量:14kDa

細胞定位:細胞漿 細胞膜 分泌型蛋白

性    狀:Liquid

濃    度:1mg/ml

免 疫 原:KLH conjugated synthetic peptide derived from human S100A9: 51-114/114

亞    型:IgG

純化方法:affinity purified by Protein A

緩 沖 液:0.01M TBS(pH7.4) with 1% BSA, 0.03% Proclin300 and 50% Glycerol.

注意事項:This product as supplied is intended for research use only, not for use in human, therapeutic or diagnostic applications.

產品介紹:The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the S100 family of proteins containing 2 EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. S100 proteins are localized in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus of a wide range of cells, and involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes such as cell cycle progression and differentiation. S100 genes include at least 13 members which are located as a cluster on chromosome 1q21. This protein may function in the inhibition of casein kinase and altered expression of this protein is associated with the disease cystic fibrosis. [provided by RefSeq].

S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve proinfammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its proinflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the proinflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect; regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread.

商品屬性：

抗體的標記實驗要點：

1.如在反應混合液中有疊氮鈉或游離氨基存在,會抑制標記反應。因此,蛋白質在反應前要對 0.1mol/L緩沖液或0.5mol/L硼酸緩沖液充分透析；

2.所用的NHSB及待化蛋白質之間的分子比按蛋白質表面的ε-氨基的密度會有所不同,選擇不當則影響標記的效率,應先用幾個不同的分子比來篩選最適條件；

3.用NHSB量過量也是不利的,抗原的結合位點可能因此被封閉,導致抗體失活；

4.由于抗體的氨基不易接近可能造成化不足,此時可加入去污劑如 Triton x-100, Tween20等；

5.當游離ε-氨基(賴氨酸殘基的氨基)存在于抗體的抗原結合位點時,或位于酶的催化位點時,化會降低或損傷抗體蛋白的結合力或活性；

6.還可能與不同的功能基團,如羰基、氨基、巰基、異咪唑基及基,也可與糖基共價結合；

7.交聯反應后,應充分透析,否則,殘余的會對化抗體與親和素的結合產生競爭作用；

8.在細胞的熒光標記實驗中,中和親和素的本底低,但由于鏈霉親和素含有少量正電荷,故對某些細胞可導致高本底。
一抗和二抗的區別：

第一抗體就是平常所說的抗體，即能和抗原特異性結合。

第二抗體是能和抗體結合的，即抗體的抗體。主要用于檢測抗體的存在。

一抗是針對抗原的抗體，二抗是針對一抗的抗體。即抗體也可以充當抗原刺激機體產生抗體。也就是說，抗原進入機體刺激機體免疫系統產生免疫應答，由B細胞可以產生與相應抗原發生特異性結合的特殊蛋白質。

一抗二抗都是一種可以特異結合別的物質的基團，而且一抗可以至少結合兩種其他基團（底物和二抗）。

一抗：可以特異結合底物，就是識別出我們想要檢測的東西。一抗和底物結合與否用肉眼是看不出來的。

二抗：可以和一抗結合，并帶有可以被檢測出的標記(如帶熒光、放射性、化學發光或顯色基團），作用是檢測一抗。 如果一抗自己帶有可以被檢測出的標記(如帶熒光、放射性、化學發光或顯色基團），則不需要二抗。但這樣成本很高，因為一種一抗只識別一種底物。所以如今的設計一般是二抗帶上可檢測標記，再來檢測一抗。而一抗識別底物。這樣，當一抗結合到底物上，就可以通過二抗檢測出來。

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